G.C.E. O/L Physics · Grade 11
Geometrical Opticsவடிவவியல் ஒளியியல்ප්රකාශ විද්යාව
வடிவவியல் ஒளியியல்ප්රකාශ විද්යාව
Refraction, Snell's law, convex and concave lenses, ray diagrams, and optical instruments. This page is a free preview of the STEM Cloud lesson for Grade 11 G.C.E. Ordinary Level Physics in Sri Lanka: the key points, the formulas, a worked example and a short quiz, taken from the lesson itself.
What you will learn
- Seeing, rays and plane mirrorsபாக்கறது, கதிர்கள், தட்டை ஆடிகள்දැකීම, කිරණ සහ තල දර්පණ
- Curved mirrorsவளைவு ஆடிகள்වක්ර දර්පණ
- Refraction of lightஒளியோட முறிவுආලෝකයේ වර්තනය
- Total internal reflectionமுழு அகத் தெறிப்புපූර්ණ අභ්යන්තර පරාවර්තනය
- Lensesவில்லைகள்කාච
Key points to remember
- There are plane mirrors and curved mirrors (convex and concave).தட்டை ஆடிகளும் வளைவு ஆடிகளும் (குவிவு, குழிவு) உண்டு.තල දර්පණ සහ වක්ර දර්පණ (උත්තල සහ අවතල) ඇත.
- Images in plane mirrors are virtual, upright and the same size as the object.தட்டை ஆடில விம்பங்கள் மாய, நிமிர்ந்த, பொருளோட அதே அளவு.තල දර්පණවල ප්රතිබිම්බ අතාත්වික, උඩුකුරු සහ වස්තුවට සමාන ප්රමාණයෙන් වේ.
- The incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie in one plane, and i = r.படுகதிர், தெறிகதிர், செவ்வன் ஒரே தளத்துல; i = r.පතන කිරණය, පරාවර්තිත කිරණය සහ අභිලම්බය එක තලයක පිහිටන අතර i = r.
- A convex mirror always forms an upright, smaller, virtual image.குவிவு ஆடி எப்பவும் நிமிர்ந்த, சிறிய, மாய விம்பம் தரும்.උත්තල දර්පණයක් සෑම විටම උඩුකුරු, කුඩා, අතාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බයක් සාදයි.
- The bending of light going from one medium to another is refraction. Rare to dense: towards the normal; dense to rare: away from it.ஒரு ஊடகத்துல இருந்து இன்னொண்ணுக்கு போறப்ப ஒளி வளையறது முறிவு. ஐது → அடர்: செவ்வன் நோக்கி; அடர் → ஐது: செவ்வனை விட்டு விலகி.එක් මාධ්යයකින් තවත් මාධ්යයකට යන ආලෝකයේ නැමීම වර්තනයයි. විරල සිට ඝන: අභිලම්බය දෙසට; ඝන සිට විරල: ඉන් ඈතට.
- The incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in one plane, and n = sin i ÷ sin r.படுகதிர், முறிகதிர், செவ்வன் ஒரே தளத்துல; n = sin i ÷ sin r.පතන කිරණය, වර්තිත කිරණය සහ අභිලම්බය එක තලයක පිහිටන අතර n = sin i ÷ sin r.
- At the critical angle the refracted ray travels along the boundary; beyond it the ray is totally internally reflected.மாறுநிலைக் கோணத்துல முறிகதிர் எல்லை வழியா போகும்; அதத் தாண்டினா முழு அகத் தெறிப்பு.අවධි කෝණයේදී වර්තිත කිරණය මායිම දිගේ ගමන් කරයි; එයට ඉහළින් කිරණය පූර්ණ අභ්යන්තර පරාවර්තනය වේ.
- Light travels along optical fibres by total internal reflection.ஒளி இழைகள்ல ஒளி முழு அகத் தெறிப்பால பயணிக்கும்.ආලෝකය ප්රකාශ කෙඳි දිගේ ගමන් කරන්නේ පූර්ණ අභ්යන්තර පරාවර්තනයෙනි.
- Lenses are bi-convex, plano-convex, bi-concave or plano-concave. A concave lens always gives an upright, diminished, virtual image; a convex lens gives real or virtual images depending on the object distance.வில்லைகள் இருபுறக் குவிவு, தட்டை-குவிவு, இருபுறக் குழிவு, தட்டை-குழிவு. குழிவு வில்லை எப்பவும் நிமிர்ந்த, சிறிய, மாய விம்பம்; குவிவு வில்லை பொருள் தூரத்தப் பொறுத்து உண்மை அல்லது மாய விம்பம்.කාච ද්වි-උත්තල, තල-උත්තල, ද්වි-අවතල හෝ තල-අවතල වේ. අවතල කාචයක් සෑම විටම උඩුකුරු, ඌනිත, අතාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බයක් දෙයි; උත්තල කාචයක් වස්තු දුර අනුව තාත්වික හෝ අතාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බ දෙයි.
Key formulas
Radius of curvature and focal lengthவளைவு ஆரையும் குவிய நீளமும்වක්රතා අරය සහ නාභීය දුර
வளைவு ஆரையும் குவிய நீளமும்වක්රතා අරය සහ නාභීය දුර
r = 2 f
- r = radius of curvature (the distance PC)வளைவு ஆரை (தூரம் PC)වක්රතා අරය (PC දුර) (cm)
- f = focal length (the distance PF)குவிய நீளம் (தூரம் PF)නාභීය දුර (PF දුර) (cm)
A concave mirror with a radius of curvature of 30 cm: f = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 cmவளைவு ஆரை 30 cm உள்ள குழிவு ஆடி: f = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 cmවක්රතා අරය 30 cm වූ අවතල දර්පණයක්: f = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 cm
Refractive indexமுறிவுச் சுட்டிවර්තනාංකය
முறிவுச் சுட்டிවර්තනාංකය
n = sin i ÷ sin r
- n = refractive index (no unit)முறிவுச் சுட்டி (அலகு இல்லை)වර්තනාංකය (ඒකකයක් නැත) (—)
- i = angle of incidenceபடுகோணம்පතන කෝණය (°)
- r = angle of refractionமுறிவுக் கோணம்වර්තන කෝණය (°)
sin i = 0.6, sin r = 0.4: n = 0.6 ÷ 0.4 = 1.5 (glass)sin i = 0.6, sin r = 0.4: n = 0.6 ÷ 0.4 = 1.5 (கண்ணாடி)sin i = 0.6, sin r = 0.4: n = 0.6 ÷ 0.4 = 1.5 (වීදුරු)
Critical angleமாறுநிலைக் கோணம்අවධි කෝණය
மாறுநிலைக் கோணம்අවධි කෝණය
sin c = 1 ÷ n
- c = critical angleமாறுநிலைக் கோணம்අවධි කෝණය (°)
- n = refractive index (no unit)முறிவுச் சுட்டி (அலகு இல்லை)වර්තනාංකය (ඒකකයක් නැත) (—)
Glass, n = 1.5: sin c = 1 ÷ 1.5 = 0.667, c = sin⁻¹ 0.667 = 41.8°கண்ணாடி, n = 1.5: sin c = 1 ÷ 1.5 = 0.667, c = sin⁻¹ 0.667 = 41.8°වීදුරු, n = 1.5: sin c = 1 ÷ 1.5 = 0.667, c = sin⁻¹ 0.667 = 41.8°
Lens formulaவில்லைச் சூத்திரம்කාච සූත්රය
வில்லைச் சூத்திரம்කාච සූත්රය
1/u + 1/v = 1/f
- u = object distanceபொருள் தூரம்වස්තු දුර (cm)
- v = image distance (negative for a virtual image)விம்ப தூரம் (மாய விம்பத்துக்கு எதிர்)ප්රතිබිම්බ දුර (අතාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බයකට ඍණ) (cm)
- f = focal length (positive for a convex lens)குவிய நீளம் (குவிவு வில்லைக்கு நேர்)නාභීය දුර (උත්තල කාචයකට ධන) (cm)
u = 30 cm, f = 10 cm: 1/v = 1/10 − 1/30 = 2/30, v = 15 cm (real image)u = 30 cm, f = 10 cm: 1/v = 1/10 − 1/30 = 2/30, v = 15 cm (உண்மை விம்பம்)u = 30 cm, f = 10 cm: 1/v = 1/10 − 1/30 = 2/30, v = 15 cm (තාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බය)
Magnificationஉருப்பெருக்கம்විශාලනය
உருப்பெருக்கம்විශාලනය
[object Object]
- m = magnification (no unit)உருப்பெருக்கம் (அலகு இல்லை)විශාලනය (ඒකකයක් නැත) (—)
- v = image distance (use its size)விம்ப தூரம் (அளவ எடு)ප්රතිබිම්බ දුර (එහි විශාලත්වය ගන්න) (cm)
- u = object distanceபொருள் தூரம்වස්තු දුර (cm)
u = 20 mm, v = 60 mm: m = 60 ÷ 20 = 3, so a 15 mm object gives a 45 mm imageu = 20 mm, v = 60 mm: m = 60 ÷ 20 = 3, அதனால 15 mm பொருள் 45 mm விம்பம் தரும்u = 20 mm, v = 60 mm: m = 60 ÷ 20 = 3, එබැවින් 15 mm වස්තුවකින් 45 mm ප්රතිබිම්බයක් ලැබේ
A worked example
Practice example · from f = r ÷ 2பயிற்சி உதாரணம் · f = r ÷ 2පුහුණු නිදසුන · f = r ÷ 2 සිට
The focal point is halfway between the pole and the centre of curvature: r = 2 f.
f = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 cm.
குவியம் முனைக்கும் வளைவு மையத்துக்கும் நடுவுல: r = 2 f.
f = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 cm.
නාභිය ධ්රැවය සහ වක්රතා කේන්ද්රය අතර මැදදී පිහිටයි: r = 2 f.
f = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 cm.
Try 5 quiz questions
A ray hits a plane mirror at 30° to the normal. What is the angle of reflection?ஒரு கதிர் தட்டை ஆடிய செவ்வனோட 30° கோணத்துல தாக்குது. தெறிகோணம்?
- A 15°15°
- B 30°30°
- C 60°60°
- D 90°90°
Show the answer
Answer: B. 30°30°
Second law of reflection: i = r.தெறிப்பின் ரெண்டாவது விதி: i = r.දෙවන පරාවර්තන නියමය: i = r.
The image formed by a plane mirror is…தட்டை ஆடில விம்பம்…
- A real and invertedஉண்மை, தலைகீழ்තාත්වික සහ යටිකුරු
- B virtual, upright, same sizeமாய, நிமிர்ந்த, அதே அளவுඅතාත්වික, උඩුකුරු, සමාන ප්රමාණය
- C real and magnifiedஉண்மை, பெருக்கியතාත්වික සහ විශාලිත
- D virtual and smallerமாய, சிறியඅතාත්වික සහ කුඩා
Show the answer
Answer: B. virtual, upright, same sizeமாய, நிமிர்ந்த, அதே அளவுඅතාත්වික, උඩුකුරු, සමාන ප්රමාණය
It is virtual, upright, as far behind the mirror as the object is in front, and laterally inverted.அது மாய, நிமிர்ந்த, பொருள் முன்னால இருக்கற தூரம் அளவு பின்னால இருக்கும், பக்கம் மாறியது.එය අතාත්වික, උඩුකුරු, වස්තුව ඉදිරියෙන් ඇති තරමටම දර්පණය පිටුපසින් ඇති, සහ පාර්ශ්වීයව ප්රතිලෝම වේ.
The radius of curvature of a mirror is 40 cm. What is its focal length?ஒரு ஆடியோட வளைவு ஆரை 40 cm. குவிய நீளம்?
- A 80 cm80 cm
- B 40 cm40 cm
- C 20 cm20 cm
- D 10 cm10 cm
Show the answer
Answer: C. 20 cm20 cm
r = 2 f, so f = 20 cm.r = 2 f, அதனால f = 20 cm.
Which mirror always gives an upright, smaller, virtual image?எந்த ஆடி எப்பவும் நிமிர்ந்த, சிறிய, மாய விம்பம் தரும்?
- A Concave mirrorகுழிவு ஆடிඅවතල දර්පණය
- B Convex mirrorகுவிவு ஆடிඋත්තල දර්පණය
- C Plane mirrorதட்டை ஆடிතල දර්පණය
- D None of themஎதுவும் இல்லකිසිවක් නොවේ
Show the answer
Answer: B. Convex mirrorகுவிவு ஆடிඋත්තල දර්පණය
A convex mirror always forms an upright, diminished, virtual image.குவிவு ஆடி எப்பவும் நிமிர்ந்த, சிறிய, மாய விம்பம் தரும்.උත්තල දර්පණයක් සෑම විටම උඩුකුරු, ඌනිත, අතාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බයක් සාදයි.
Light goes from air into glass. How does the ray bend?ஒளி காற்றுல இருந்து கண்ணாடிக்குள்ள போகுது. கதிர் எப்படி வளையும்?
- A Towards the normalசெவ்வன் நோக்கிඅභිලම්බය දෙසට
- B Away from the normalசெவ்வனை விட்டு விலகிඅභිලම්බයෙන් ඈතට
- C It does not bendவளையாதுඑය නොනැමේ
- D It reflects backதிரும்பி தெறிக்கும்එය ආපසු පරාවර්තනය වේ
Show the answer
Answer: A. Towards the normalசெவ்வன் நோக்கிඅභිලම්බය දෙසට
Going from a rare to a dense medium, light bends towards the normal.ஐது → அடர் போறப்ப ஒளி செவ்வன் நோக்கி வளையும்.විරල මාධ්යයකින් ඝන මාධ්යයකට යන විට ආලෝකය අභිලම්බය දෙසට නැමේ.
In Tamil and Sinhala · தமிழில் · සිංහලෙන්
Every STEM Cloud lesson is in Tamil, English and Sinhala. The chapter's words, as the lesson uses them:
தட்டை ஆடிகளும் வளைவு ஆடிகளும் (குவிவு, குழிவு) உண்டு.
තල දර්පණ සහ වක්ර දර්පණ (උත්තල සහ අවතල) ඇත.
- Reflection · தெறிப்பு · පරාවර්තනය
- Total internal reflection · முழு அகத் தெறிப்பு · පූර්ණ අභ්යන්තර පරාවර්තනය
- Mirrors · ஆடிகள் · දර්පණ
- Apparent depth · தோற்ற ஆழம் · දෘශ්ය ගැඹුර
- Focal point · குவியம் · නාභිය
- Incident ray · படுகதிர் · පතන කිරණය
- Angle of incidence · படுகோணம் · පතන කෝණය
- Refraction · முறிவு · වර්තනය
- Refractive index · முறிவுச் சுட்டி · වර්තනාංකය
- Angle of refraction · முறிவுக் கோணம் · වර්තන කෝණය
- Convex lens · குவிவு வில்லை · උත්තල කාචය
- Concave lens · குழிவு வில்லை · අවතල කාචය
- Convex mirror · குவிவு ஆடி · උත්තල දර්පණය
- Concave mirror · குழிவு ஆடி · අවතල දර්පණය
- Real image · உண்மை விம்பம் · තාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බය
- Virtual image · மாய விம்பம் · අතාත්වික ප්රතිබිම්බය
- Normal · செவ்வன் · අභිලම්බය
- Critical angle · மாறுநிலைக் கோணம் · අවධි කෝණය
- Focal length · குவிய நீளம் · නාභීය දුර
- Principal axis · முதன்மை அச்சு · ප්රධාන අක්ෂය
- Optical centre · ஒளியியல் மையம் · ප්රකාශ කේන්ද්රය
- Pole · முனை · ධ්රැවය
- Centre of curvature · வளைவு மையம் · වක්රතා කේන්ද්රය
- Emergent ray · வெளிப்படு கதிர் · නිර්ගත කිරණය
In the full lesson
The full Geometrical Optics lesson walks through every step: the cartoon animation, the notes, all 4 worked examples, the virtual lab, the games and all 9 quiz questions. It opens with an account.
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Questions about Geometrical Optics
Is Geometrical Optics in the G.C.E. O/L Physics syllabus?
Yes. Geometrical Optics is a Grade 11 unit of G.C.E. Ordinary Level Physics in Sri Lanka, and STEM Cloud teaches it in the same order as the course map.
What are the key points of Geometrical Optics?
There are plane mirrors and curved mirrors (convex and concave). Images in plane mirrors are virtual, upright and the same size as the object. The incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie in one plane, and i = r.
Can I study Geometrical Optics in Tamil or Sinhala?
Yes. Every STEM Cloud lesson is in Tamil, English and Sinhala, and you can switch the language at any time from the lesson header.
How do I get the full Geometrical Optics lesson?
Sign up on the sign-up page, or message the admin on WhatsApp at 077 676 8865. You can try a free lesson first: Motion in a Straight Line.