G.C.E. O/L Physics · Grade 10
Equilibrium of Forcesவிசைகளின் சமநிலைබල සමතුලිතතාව
விசைகளின் சமநிலைබල සමතුලිතතාව
Stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium, center of gravity, and base area. This page is a free preview of the STEM Cloud lesson for Grade 10 G.C.E. Ordinary Level Physics in Sri Lanka: the key points, the formulas, a worked example and a short quiz, taken from the lesson itself.
What you will learn
- What is Equilibrium? — Forces Everywhere, Yet Nothing Moves!சமநிலை என்றால் என்ன? — விசைகள் இருந்தும் ஒண்ணுமே நடக்காம இருக்குறது!සමතුලිතතාව යනු කුමක්ද? — සෑම තැනම බල, නමුත් කිසිවක් චලනය නොවේ!
- Equilibrium Under Two Forcesஇரு விசைகளின் கீழ் சமநிலைබල දෙකක සමතුලිතතාව
- Equilibrium of Three Parallel Forces in One Planeஒரு தளத்தில் உள்ள மூன்று சமாந்தர விசைகளின் சமநிலைඑක් තලයක සමාන්තර බල තුනක සමතුලිතතාව
- Equilibrium of Three Non-Parallel Forces in One Planeஒரு தளத்தில் உள்ள சமாந்தரமற்ற மூன்று விசைகளின் சமநிலைඑක් තලයක සමාන්තර නොවන බල තුනක සමතුලිතතාව
- Centre of Gravity — The Balance Pointபுவியீர்ப்பு மையம் — சமநிலை புள்ளிගුරුත්ව කේන්ද්රය — සමතුලිත ලක්ෂ්යය
- Stable, Unstable and Neutral Equilibriumநிலையான, நிலையற்ற, நடுநிலை சமநிலைස්ථායී, අස්ථායී සහ උදාසීන සමතුලිතතාව
Key points to remember
- If two forces acting on an object in one plane are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction (along one line), they are in equilibrium and the object is at rest.ஒரு தளத்துல ஒரு பொருள் மேல தாக்கும் இரு விசைகள் பருமன்ல சமமாகவும், எதிர்த் திசையிலும் (ஒரே தாக்கக் கோட்டுல) இருந்தா, அவை சமநிலையில இருக்கும்; பொருள் ஓய்வுல இருக்கும்.එක් තලයක වස්තුවක් මත ක්රියා කරන බල දෙකක් විශාලත්වයෙන් සමාන සහ දිශාවෙන් ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ (එක් රේඛාවක) නම්, ඒවා සමතුලිතතාවයේ ඇති අතර වස්තුව නිශ්චලව පවතී.
- For three parallel forces, if the resultant of two is equal to the third and acts in the opposite direction, the three forces are in equilibrium. Example: 20 N balanced by two 10 N forces on the other side.மூன்று சமாந்தர விசைகள்ல, ரெண்டோட விளையுள் மூணாவதுக்கு சமமாகவும் எதிரா இருந்தா மூணும் சமநிலையில இருக்கும். உதாரணம்: ஒரு பக்கம் 20 N, மறுபக்கம் 10 N + 10 N.සමාන්තර බල තුනක් සඳහා, දෙකක සම්ප්රයුක්තය තුන්වැන්නට සමාන වී ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ දිශාවට ක්රියා කරන්නේ නම්, බල තුන සමතුලිතතාවයේ පවතී. නිදසුන: 20 N, අනෙක් පැත්තේ 10 N බල දෙකකින් සමතුලිත වේ.
- For three non-parallel forces in one plane, if the resultant of any two is opposite to the third, the three forces are in equilibrium, and their lines of action meet at a point.ஒரு தளத்துல மூன்று சமாந்தரமற்ற விசைகள்ல, எந்த ரெண்டோட விளையுளும் மூணாவதுக்கு எதிராக இருந்தா மூணும் சமநிலையில இருக்கும்; தாக்கக் கோடுகள் ஒரே புள்ளில சந்திக்கும்.එක් තලයක සමාන්තර නොවන බල තුනක් සඳහා, ඕනෑම දෙකක සම්ප්රයුක්තය තුන්වැන්නට ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ නම්, බල තුන සමතුලිතතාවයේ ඇති අතර ඒවායේ ක්රියා රේඛා එක ලක්ෂ්යයකදී හමුවේ.
- Applying a force C opposite to the resultant of A and B (of equal size) puts the three forces A, B and C in equilibrium.A, B-யோட விளையுளுக்கு எதிரா, அதே அளவு விசை C-ய பிரயோகிச்சா, மூணு விசைகளும் (A, B, C) சமநிலையில இருக்கும்.A සහ B හි සම්ප්රයුක්තයට ප්රතිවිරුද්ධව (සමාන විශාලත්වයෙන්) C බලයක් යෙදීමෙන් A, B සහ C බල තුන සමතුලිතතාවයට පත් වේ.
- When more than three forces act, they can still be balanced by applying suitable forces.மூணுக்கு மேல விசைகள் இருந்தாலும், தேவையான விசைகள பிரயோகிச்சு அவற்ற சமநிலைப்படுத்தலாம்.බල තුනකට වඩා ක්රියා කරන විට, සුදුසු බල යෙදීමෙන් ඒවා තවමත් සමතුලිත කළ හැක.
- An object is in equilibrium when the resultant force and the resultant moment on it are both zero.ஒரு பொருளின் மீது தாக்கும் விளையுள் விசையும் விளையுள் திருப்பமும் பூச்சியமாக இருந்தால் அப்பொருள் சமநிலையில் உள்ளது.වස්තුවක් මත සම්ප්රයුක්ත බලය සහ සම්ප්රයුක්ත ඝූර්ණය දෙකම ශුන්ය වන විට එය සමතුලිතතාවයේ පවතී.
- The centre of gravity is the point through which the whole weight of an object appears to act. For a thin plate it is found with the plumb-line method; for a uniform regular shape it is at its centre.புவியீர்ப்பு மையம் என்பது ஒரு பொருளின் முழு நிறையும் தாக்குவது போலத் தோன்றும் புள்ளி. மெல்லிய தகட்டுக்கு தூக்கு கோட்டு முறையால் காணலாம்; ஒருபடித்தான ஒழுங்கான வடிவத்துக்கு அது அதன் மையத்தில் இருக்கும்.ගුරුත්ව කේන්ද්රය යනු වස්තුවක සම්පූර්ණ බර ක්රියා කරන බව පෙනෙන ලක්ෂ්යයයි. තුනී තහඩුවකට එය ඔලොත්තු ලණු ක්රමයෙන් සොයා ගනී; ඒකාකාර සාමාන්ය හැඩතලයකට එය එහි කේන්ද්රයේ වේ.
- Equilibrium is stable (it returns after a small push), unstable (it moves further away) or neutral (it stays in the new place). A lower centre of gravity and a wider base make an object more stable; it topples when the vertical line through its centre of gravity falls outside its base.சமநிலை நிலையானது (கொஞ்சம் தள்ளினா திரும்பும்), நிலையற்றது (இன்னும் தூரமா போகும்) அல்லது நடுநிலை (புது இடத்துலயே நிக்கும்). தாழ்ந்த புவியீர்ப்பு மையமும் அகலமான அடியும் பொருளை நிலையாக்கும்; புவியீர்ப்பு மையம் வழியா போகும் நேர் செங்குத்து கோடு அடிக்கு வெளிய விழுந்தா பொருள் கவிழும்.සමතුලිතතාව ස්ථායී (කුඩා තල්ලුවකින් පසු ආපසු යයි), අස්ථායී (තවත් ඈතට යයි) හෝ උදාසීන (නව ස්ථානයේම පවතී) විය හැක. පහළ ගුරුත්ව කේන්ද්රයක් සහ පළල් පාදමක් වස්තුවක් වඩා ස්ථායී කරයි; ගුරුත්ව කේන්ද්රය හරහා යන සිරස් රේඛාව එහි පාදමෙන් පිටත වැටුණු විට එය පෙරළේ.
Key formulas
Equilibrium of three parallel forcesமூன்று சமாந்தர விசைகளின் சமநிலைසමාන්තර බල තුනක සමතුලිතතාව
மூன்று சமாந்தர விசைகளின் சமநிலைසමාන්තර බල තුනක සමතුලිතතාව
F₁ + F₂ = W
- F₁, F₂ = the two upward forcesமேல்நோக்கிய இரு விசைகள்ඉහළට ඇති බල දෙක (N)
- W = the weight (downward)நிறை (கீழ்நோக்கி)බර (පහළට) (N)
A 60 N rule on two spring balances; one reads 25 N, so the other reads 60 − 25 = 35 Nஇரு நியூற்றன் தராசுகளில் 60 N கோல்; ஒன்று 25 N காட்டினால் மற்றது 60 − 25 = 35 Nදුනු තරාදි දෙකක 60 N රූලක්; එකක් 25 N පෙන්වයි නම් අනෙක 60 − 25 = 35 N
A worked example
Textbook Question · Ch.12, p.221பாடப்புத்தக கேள்வி · பாடம் 12, ப. 221පෙළපොත් ප්රශ්නය · 12 පරි., පි.221
First, list the forces on the box: (1) its weight W — downward; (2) the table's normal reaction R — upward.
Now check all three conditions: W = R (equal) ✓, one up and one down (opposite) ✓, both along the same line of action ✓.
முதல்ல பெட்டி மேல என்ன விசைகள் தாக்குதுன்னு பாரு: (1) பெட்டியோட நிறை W — கீழ்நோக்கி. (2) மேசையோட செவ்வன் மறுதாக்கம் R — மேல்நோக்கி.
இப்போ இரு விசை சமநிலைக்கான மூன்று நிபந்தனைகளும் இருக்கான்னு சரிபார்: W = R (சம பருமன்) ✓, ஒண்ணு மேல் ஒண்ணு கீழ் (எதிர் திசை) ✓, ரெண்டும் ஒரே தாக்கக் கோட்டில் ✓.
මුලින්, පෙට්ටිය මත ඇති බල ලැයිස්තුගත කරන්න: (1) එහි බර W — පහළට; (2) මේසයේ අභිලම්බ ප්රතික්රියාව R — ඉහළට.
දැන් කොන්දේසි තුනම පරීක්ෂා කරන්න: W = R (සමානයි) ✓, එකක් ඉහළට එකක් පහළට (ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ) ✓, දෙකම එකම රේඛාව දිගේ ✓.
Try 5 quiz questions
Which set of conditions is needed for TWO forces to be in equilibrium?இரு விசைகள் சமநிலையில் இருக்க தேவையான நிபந்தனைகள் எவை?
- A Equal size, opposite direction, same line of actionசம பருமன், எதிர் திசை, ஒரே தாக்கக் கோடு
- B Equal size, same directionசம பருமன், ஒரே திசைසමාන විශාලත්වය, එකම දිශාව
- C Opposite direction onlyஎதிர் திசை மட்டும்ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ දිශාව පමණි
- D Any two forces on the same objectஒரே பொருள் மேல் தாக்கும் எந்த ரெண்டு விசைகளும்එකම වස්තුවක් මත ඕනෑම බල දෙකක්
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Answer: A. Equal size, opposite direction, same line of actionசம பருமன், எதிர் திசை, ஒரே தாக்கக் கோடு
Two-force equilibrium needs all three: equal magnitude, opposite directions, and the same line of action.இரு விசை சமநிலைக்கு மூணும் வேணும்: சம பருமன், எதிர் திசை, ஒரே தாக்கக் கோடு.බල දෙකක සමතුලිතතාවයට සියල්ලම අවශ්යයි: සමාන විශාලත්වය, ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ දිශා, සහ එකම ක්රියා රේඛාව.
A book rests on a table. Which pair of forces balance each other?மேசை மேல ஒரு புத்தகம் ஓய்வுல இருக்கு. எந்த ரெண்டு விசைகள் ஒண்ணையொண்ணு சமநிலைப்படுத்துது?
- A Weight and normal reactionநிறையும் செவ்வன் மறுதாக்கமும்බර සහ අභිලම්බ ප්රතික්රියාව
- B Weight and frictionநிறையும் உராய்வும்බර සහ ඝර්ෂණය
- C Normal reaction and frictionசெவ்வன் மறுதாக்கமும் உராய்வும்අභිලම්බ ප්රතික්රියාව සහ ඝර්ෂණය
- D Weight and tensionநிறையும் இழுவையும்බර සහ ආතතිය
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Answer: A. Weight and normal reactionநிறையும் செவ்வன் மறுதாக்கமும்බර සහ අභිලම්බ ප්රතික්රියාව
The book's weight (down) is balanced by the table's normal reaction (up): equal, opposite, same line of action.புத்தகத்தின் நிறை (கீழ்) மேசையின் செவ்வன் மறுதாக்கத்தால் (மேல்) சமநிலைப்படுத்தப்படுது: சமம், எதிர், ஒரே தாக்கக் கோடு.
A child sits on a swing. The two ropes pull up with 120 N and 180 N. What is the child's weight?ஊஞ்சல்ல ஒரு பிள்ளை உக்காந்திருக்கு. ரெண்டு கயிறுகள் மேல 120 N, 180 N இழுக்குது. பிள்ளையின் நிறை என்ன?
- A 60 N60 N
- B 300 N300 N
- C 150 N150 N
- D 21 600 N21 600 N
Show the answer
Answer: B. 300 N300 N
For three parallel forces in equilibrium: F₁ + F₂ = W, so W = 120 + 180 = 300 N.மூன்று சமாந்தர விசை சமநிலைக்கு: F₁ + F₂ = W, அதனால W = 120 + 180 = 300 N.සමතුලිතතාවයේ ඇති සමාන්තර බල තුනක් සඳහා: F₁ + F₂ = W, එබැවින් W = 120 + 180 = 300 N.
What must be true of the lines of action of three non-parallel forces in equilibrium?சமநிலையில் இருக்கும் மூன்று சமாந்தரமற்ற விசைகளின் தாக்கக் கோடுகளுக்கு என்ன இருக்கணும்?
- A They meet at a single pointஒரே புள்ளில சந்திக்கணும்ඒවා තනි ලක්ෂ්යයකදී හමුවේ
- B They are all parallelஎல்லாம் சமாந்தரமா இருக்கணும்ඒවා සියල්ල සමාන්තරයි
- C They are all equal in lengthஎல்லாம் சம நீளம்ඒවා සියල්ල දිගින් සමානයි
- D They never crossஎப்பவும் சந்திக்கக்கூடாதுඒවා කිසි විටෙක නොගැටේ
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Answer: A. They meet at a single pointஒரே புள்ளில சந்திக்கணும்ඒවා තනි ලක්ෂ්යයකදී හමුවේ
Three non-parallel coplanar forces in equilibrium have lines of action meeting at one point, and the resultant of two equals the third, oppositely directed.சமநிலையில் இருக்கும் ஒரு தள சமாந்தரமற்ற மூன்று விசைகளின் கோடுகள் ஒரே புள்ளில சந்திக்கும்; ரெண்டின் விளையுள் மூன்றாவதுக்கு சமம், எதிர் திசை.සමතුලිතතාවයේ ඇති සමාන්තර නොවන ඒකතල බල තුනක ක්රියා රේඛා එක ලක්ෂ්යයකදී හමු වන අතර, දෙකක සම්ප්රයුක්තය තුන්වැන්නට ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ දිශාවට සමාන වේ.
A block is pulled with 20 N one way and 25 N the opposite way. What happens?ஒரு பெட்டி ஒரு பக்கம் 20 N, எதிர் பக்கம் 25 N விசையால இழுக்கப்படுது. என்ன நடக்கும்?
- A It stays at restஓய்வுல நிக்கும்එය නිශ්චලව පවතී
- B It moves toward the 25 N side with a resultant force of 5 N25 N பக்கம் 5 N விளையுள் விசையோட நகரும்
- C It moves toward the 20 N side20 N பக்கம் நகரும்එය 20 N පැත්ත දෙසට චලනය වේ
- D It moves with a resultant force of 45 N45 N விளையுள் விசையோட நகரும்
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Answer: B. It moves toward the 25 N side with a resultant force of 5 N25 N பக்கம் 5 N விளையுள் விசையோட நகரும்
25 − 20 = 5 N resultant force in the direction of the larger pull, so the block moves that way — no equilibrium.25 − 20 = 5 N விளையுள் விசை, பெரிய இழுவையின் திசையில் — அதனால் பெட்டி அத்திசையில நகரும்; சமநிலை இல்ல.
In Tamil and Sinhala · தமிழில் · සිංහලෙන්
Every STEM Cloud lesson is in Tamil, English and Sinhala. The chapter's words, as the lesson uses them:
ஒரு தளத்துல ஒரு பொருள் மேல தாக்கும் இரு விசைகள் பருமன்ல சமமாகவும், எதிர்த் திசையிலும் (ஒரே தாக்கக் கோட்டுல) இருந்தா, அவை சமநிலையில இருக்கும்; பொருள் ஓய்வுல இருக்கும்.
එක් තලයක වස්තුවක් මත ක්රියා කරන බල දෙකක් විශාලත්වයෙන් සමාන සහ දිශාවෙන් ප්රතිවිරුද්ධ (එක් රේඛාවක) නම්, ඒවා සමතුලිතතාවයේ ඇති අතර වස්තුව නිශ්චලව පවතී.
- Force · விசை · බලය
- Equilibrium of forces · விசைகளின் சமநிலை · බල සමතුලිතතාව
- Equilibrium of co-planar forces · ஒரு தள விசைகளின் சமநிலை · ඒකතල බල සමතුලිතතාව
- Equilibrium of two forces · இரு விசைகளின் சமநிலை · බල දෙකක සමතුලිතතාව
- Equilibrium of three forces · மூன்று விசைகளின் சமநிலை · බල තුනක සමතුලිතතාව
- Equilibrium of three parallel forces · மூன்று சமாந்தர விசைகளின் சமநிலை · සමාන්තර බල තුනක සමතුලිතතාව
- Centre of gravity · புவியீர்ப்பு மையம் · ගුරුත්ව කේන්ද්රය
- Resultant · விளையுள் · සම්ප්රයුක්තය
- Moment of force · விசையின் திருப்பம் · බලයේ ඝූර්ණය
- Weight · நிறை · බර
- Tension · இழுவை · ආතතිය
- Normal reaction · செவ்வன் மறுதாக்கம் · අභිලම්බ ප්රතික්රියා බලය
- Line of action · தாக்கக் கோடு · ක්රියා රේඛාව
- Coplanar forces · ஒரு தள விசைகள் · එකම තලයක බල
- Lamina · தகடு · තහඩුව
- Plumb line · தூக்கு கோடு · ඔලොත්තු ලණුව
- Stable equilibrium · நிலையான சமநிலை · ස්ථායී සමතුලිතතාව
- Unstable equilibrium · நிலையற்ற சமநிலை · අස්ථායී සමතුලිතතාව
- Neutral equilibrium · நடுநிலை சமநிலை · උදාසීන සමතුලිතතාව
- Base · அடி · පාදම
In the full lesson
The full Equilibrium of Forces lesson walks through every step: the cartoon animation, the notes, all 6 worked examples, the virtual lab, the games and all 8 quiz questions. It opens with an account.
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Questions about Equilibrium of Forces
Is Equilibrium of Forces in the G.C.E. O/L Physics syllabus?
Yes. Equilibrium of Forces is a Grade 10 unit of G.C.E. Ordinary Level Physics in Sri Lanka, and STEM Cloud teaches it in the same order as the course map.
What are the key points of Equilibrium of Forces?
If two forces acting on an object in one plane are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction (along one line), they are in equilibrium and the object is at rest. For three parallel forces, if the resultant of two is equal to the third and acts in the opposite direction, the three forces are in equilibrium. Example: 20 N balanced by two 10 N forces on the other side. For three non-parallel forces in one plane, if the resultant of any two is opposite to the third, the three forces are in equilibrium, and their lines of action meet at a point.
What are the common mistakes in Equilibrium of Forces?
You need all three conditions! For two forces, equal size alone isn't enough — they must also be opposite and along the same line of action. Equilibrium doesn't only mean "not moving". Zero resultant means the object is either at rest or moving at a steady speed. Unequal forces mean no equilibrium. With 20 N and 25 N opposed, there's a 5 N resultant force — the object moves toward the bigger pull. For three slanting forces, the lines must meet at one point. Even if they're in one plane, no common meeting point means no equilibrium. Zero resultant force is not enough. Equal and opposite forces on different lines (a couple) still turn the object: the moments must cancel too. A heavy object is not always stable. What matters is how low its centre of gravity is and how wide its base is.
Can I study Equilibrium of Forces in Tamil or Sinhala?
Yes. Every STEM Cloud lesson is in Tamil, English and Sinhala, and you can switch the language at any time from the lesson header.
How do I get the full Equilibrium of Forces lesson?
Sign up on the sign-up page, or message the admin on WhatsApp at 077 676 8865. You can try a free lesson first: Motion in a Straight Line.